^1,2T. Michalik,¹A. Maturilli,³E. A. Cloutis,¹K. Stephan,⁴R. Milke,¹K.-D. Matz,⁴R. Jaumann,²L. Hecht,⁵H. Hiesinger,¹K. A. Otto
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14156]
¹Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Berlin, Germany
²Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany
³Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
⁴Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
⁵Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Pitted impact deposits on Vesta show higher reflectance and pyroxene absorption band strengths compared to their immediate surroundings and other typical Vestan materials. We investigated whether heating to different temperatures for different durations of Vestan regolith analog materials can reproduce these spectral characteristics using mixtures of HEDs, the carbonaceous chondrite Murchison, and terrestrial analogs. We find no consistent spectral trend due merely to temperature increases, but observed that the interiors of many heated samples show both higher reflectance and pyroxene band I strength than their heated surfaces. With electron probe microanalysis, we additionally observe the formation of hematite, which could account for the higher reflectance. The presence of hematite indicates oxidation occurring in the sample interiors. In combination with heat, this might cause the increase of pyroxene band strengths through migration of iron cations. The effect grows larger with increasing temperature and duration, although temperature appears to play the more dominant role. A higher proportion of Murchison or the terrestrial carbonaceous chondrite analog within our mixtures also appears to facilitate the onset of oxidation. Our observations suggest that both the introduction of exogenic material on Vesta as well as the heating from impacts were necessary to enable the process (possibly oxidation) causing the observed spectral changes.

¹Noriko T. Kita et al. (>10)
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14163]
¹WiscSIMS, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Oxygen 3-isotope ratios of magnetite and carbonates in aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites provide important clues to understanding the evolution of the fluid in the asteroidal parent bodies. We conducted oxygen 3-isotope analyses of magnetite, dolomite, and breunnerite in two sections of asteroid Ryugu returned samples, A0058 and C0002, using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). Magnetite was analyzed by using a lower primary ion energy that reduced instrumental biases due to the crystal orientation effect. We found two groups of magnetite data identified from the SIMS pit morphologies: (1) higher δ18O (from 3‰ to 7‰) and ∆17O (~2‰) with porous SIMS pits mostly from spherulitic magnetite, and (2) lower δ18O (~ −3‰) and variable ∆17O (0‰–2‰) mostly from euhedral magnetite. Dolomite and breunnerite analyses were conducted using multi-collection Faraday cup detectors with precisions ≤0.3‰. The instrumental bias correction was applied based on carbonate compositions in two ways, using Fe and (Fe + Mn) contents, respectively, because Ryugu dolomite contains higher amounts of Mn than the terrestrial standard. Results of dolomite and breunnerite analyses show a narrow range of ∆17O; 0.0‰–0.3‰ for dolomite in A0058 and 0.2‰–0.8‰ for dolomite and breunnerite in C0002. The majority of breunnerite, including large ≥100 μm grains, show systematically lower δ18O (~21‰) than dolomite (25‰–30‰ and 23‰–27‰ depending on the instrumental bias corrections). The equilibrium temperatures between magnetite and dolomite from the coarse-grained lithology in A0058 are calculated to be 51 ± 11°C and 78 ± 14°C, depending on the instrumental bias correction scheme for dolomite; a reliable temperature estimate would require a Mn-bearing dolomite standard to evaluate the instrumental bias corrections, which is not currently available. These results indicate that the oxygen isotope ratios of aqueous fluids in the Ryugu parent asteroid were isotopically heterogeneous, either spatially, or temporary. Initial water ice accreted to the Ryugu parent body might have ∆17O > 2‰ that was melted and interacted with anhydrous solids with the initial ∆17O < 0‰. In the early stage of aqueous alteration, spherulitic magnetite and calcite formed from aqueous fluid with ∆17O ~ 2‰ that was produced by isotope exchange between water (∆17O > 2‰) and anhydrous solids (∆17O < 0‰). Dolomite and breunnerite, along with some magnetite, formed at the later stage of aqueous alteration under higher water-to-rock ratios where the oxygen isotope ratios were nearly at equilibrium between fluid and solid phases. Including literature data, δ18O of carbonates decreased in the order calcite, dolomite, and breunnerite, suggesting that the temperature of alteration might have increased with the degree of aqueous alteration.

¹Andreas Morlok,²Alexander Sehlke,¹Aleksandra Stojic,³Alan Whittington,¹Iris Weber,¹Maximilian P. Reitze,¹Harald Hiesinger,⁴Joern Helbert
Icarus (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116078]
¹Institut für Planetologie, Wilhelmstr.10, 48149 Münster, Germany
²NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
³Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
⁴Institute for Planetary Research, DLR, Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Copyright Elsevier

We studied a series of hermean lava analogs in the mid-infrared (2.5 μm–18 μm) to provide characteristic spectra for enstatite basalt, the Northern Volcanic Plains and Na-rich Northern Volcanic Plains. Our aim is to provide spectra for the interpretation of the data expected from Mercury from the MERTIS (MErcury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer) instrument on the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission.

Bulk powder spectra show bands of glass with a dominating broad Si-O-Si stretching feature around 10 μm. Crystalline components are mainly enstatite and forsterite with Reststrahlen Bands (RBs) around 9.3 μm, 9.6–9.9 μm, 10.0 μm, and 10.3–10.7 μm. Increasing intensity of crystalline features in the spectra reflect the increase in the crystallites in glass with decreasing temperature of equilibration and quenching. Micro-FTIR data allowed to extract spectral of individual components and glass. The position of the Christiansen Feature (CF) has only a weak correlation with the degree of crystallinity.

Correlations are observed between the Christiansen Feature (CF) and the bulk SiO₂ content of the materials, as does the correlation of this feature with the compositional index SCFM = SiO₂/(SiO₂ + CaO + FeO + MgO) on an atomic basis. This study also confirms the correlation line of glass-rich, irradiated Mercury analogs in these systems (Weber et al.,2023), indicating a similar spectral response of the glass rich materials expected for the surface of Mercury. The position of the strongest silicate main band (MB) compared to the SiO₂ content, confirms a trend for samples formed in experiments simulating high velocity impacts fall on a different trend line than analog samples formed in magmatic processes.

A comparison of the results to an Earth-based hermean surface spectrum showed similarities to spectra obtained for NVP samples.

¹A.R. Poppe,²I. Garrick-Bethell,³S. Fatemi,⁴C. Grava
Icarus (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116079]
¹Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
²Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Univ. of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
³Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
⁴Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Copyright Elsevier

The ratio of 40Ar/36Ar trapped within lunar grains, commonly known as the lunar antiquity indicator, is an important semi-empirical method for dating the time at which lunar samples were exposed to the solar wind. The behavior of the antiquity indicator is governed by the relative implantation fluxes of solar wind-derived 36Ar ions and indigenously sourced lunar exospheric 40Ar ions. Previous explanations for the behavior of the antiquity indicator have assumed constancy in both the solar wind ion precipitation and exospheric ion recycling fluxes; however, the presence of a lunar paleomagnetosphere likely invalidates these assumptions. Furthermore, most astrophysical models of stellar evolution suggest that the solar wind flux should have been significantly higher in the past, which would also affect the behavior of the antiquity indicator. Here, we use numerical simulations to explore the behavior of solar wind 36Ar ions and lunar exospheric 40Ar ions in the presence of lunar paleomagnetic fields of varying strengths. We find that paleomagnetic fields suppress the solar wind 36Ar flux by up to an order-of-magnitude while slightly enhancing the recycling flux of lunar exospheric 40Ar ions. We also find that at an epoch of
2 Gya, the suppression of solar wind 36Ar access to the lunar surface by a lunar paleomagnetosphere is
somewhat fortuitously
nearly equally balanced by the expected increase in the upstream solar wind flux. These counterbalancing effects suggest that the lunar paleomagnetosphere played a critical role in preserving the correlation between the antiquity indicator and the radioactive decay profile of indigenous lunar 40K. Thus, a key implication of these findings is that the accuracy of the 40Ar/36Ar indicator for any lunar sample may be strongly influenced by the poorly constrained history of the lunar magnetic field.

^1,2Jing Li,^1,3Lixin Gu,¹Xu Tang,^1,2Xiaoying Liu,¹Sen Hu,^1,2Yangting Lin
Icarus (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116082]
¹Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
³Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Copyright Elsevier

Meteorite impact and solar wind irradiation are two major processes of space weathering on the Moon, but their effects on lunar soils remain poorly understood. We report the first discovery of native copper and FeCo alloy from a Chang’e-5 lunar basaltic clast. The native copper grains (~0.1–2 μm) coexist unexceptionally with thin Cu-sulfide (digenite) layers (~50–100 nm) that cover troilite, the associated iron whiskers and adjacent pyroxene and ilmenite. The FeCo alloy (~100–200 nm) was associated with the iron metal on troilite. Both Cu and Co are probably exogenous since they are not detected in the troilite. These observations suggest that the digenite layer, native copper and FeCo alloy condensed from an impact-induced vapor with a high Cu/S ratio and Co-bearing composition. Our discoveries shed light on complicated space weathering processes on the Moon.

^1,2G.L. Dalla Pria,^1,3O. Sohier,¹C. Scirè,¹R.G. Urso,¹G.A. Baratta,¹M.E. Palumbo
Icarus (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116077]
¹INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
²Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
³Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 55 avenue de Paris, Versaille, 78035, France
Copyright Elsevier

Volatile organic molecules and a complex organic refractory material were detected on the Moon and on lunar samples. The Moon’s surface is exposed to a continuous flux of solar UV photons and fast ions, e.g. galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar wind (SW), and solar energetic particles (SEPs), that modify the physical and chemical properties of surface materials, thus challenging the survival of organic compounds. With this in mind, the aim of this work is to estimate the lifetime of organic compounds on the Moon’s surface under processing by energetic particles. We performed laboratory experiments to measure the destruction cross section of selected organic compounds, namely methane (CH4), formamide (NH2CHO), and an organic refractory residue, under simulated Moon conditions. Volatile species were deposited at low temperature (17 – 18 K) and irradiated with energetic ions (200 keV) in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The organic refractory residue was produced after warming up of a CO:CH4 ice mixture irradiated with 200 keV H+ at 18 K. All the samples were analyzed in situ by infrared transmission spectroscopy. We found that destruction cross sections are strongly affected (up to one order of magnitude) by the dilution of a given organic in an inert matrix. Among the selected samples, organic refractory residues are the most resistant to radiation. We estimated the lifetime of organic compounds on the surface of the Moon by calculating the dose rate due to GCRs and SEPs at the Moon’s orbit and by using the experimental cross section values. Taking into account impact gardening, we also estimated the fraction of surviving organic material as a function of depth. Our results are compatible with the detection of CH4 in the LCROSS eject plume originating from layers deeper than about 0.7 m at the Moon’s South Pole and with the identification of complex organic material in lunar samples collected by Apollo 17 mission.

^1,2S. A. Eckley,²R. A. Ketcham,³Y. Liu,^4,5,6,7J. Gross,⁷F. M. McCubbin
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14165]
¹Jacobs—JETS, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
²Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
³Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
⁴Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
⁵Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
⁶Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
⁷NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Shergottites are mafic to ultramafic igneous rocks that represent the majority of known Martian meteorites. They are subdivided into gabbroic, poikilitic, basaltic, and olivine–phyric categories based on differences in mineralogy and textures. Their geologic contexts are unknown, so analyses of crystal sizes and preferred orientations have commonly been used to infer where shergottites solidified. Such environments range from subsurface cumulates to shallow intrusives to extrusive lava flows, which all have contrasting implications for interactions with crustal material, cooling histories, and potential in situ exposure at the surface. In this study, we present a novel three-dimensional (3-D) approach to better understand the solidification environments of these samples and improve our knowledge of shergottites’ geologic contexts. Shape preferred orientations of most phases and crystal size distributions of late-forming minerals were measured in 3-D using X-ray computed tomography (CT) on eight shergottites representing the gabbroic, poikilitic, basaltic, and olivine–phyric categories. Our analyses show that highly anisotropic, rod-like pyroxene crystals are strongly foliated in the gabbroic samples but have a weaker foliation and a mild lineation in the basaltic sample, indicating a directional flow component in the latter. Star volume distribution analyses revealed that most phases (maskelynite, pyroxene, olivine, and oxides/sulfides) preserve a foliated texture with variable strengths, and that the phases within individual samples are strongly to moderately aligned with respect to one another. In combination with relative cooling rates during the final stages of crystallization determined from interstitial oxide/sulfide crystal size distribution analyses, these results indicate that the olivine–phyric samples were emplaced as shallow intrusives (e.g., dikes/sills) and that the gabbroic, poikilitic, and basaltic samples were emplaced in deeper subsurface environments.

¹Tatsuhiro Michikami,²Axel Hagermann,^3,4,5Akira Tsuchiyama,¹Yushi Otsuka,⁶Michihiko Nakamura,⁶Satoshi Okumura,⁷Harumasa Kano,³Junya Matsuno,⁸Sunao Hasegawa
Icarus (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116068]
¹Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Hiroshima Campus, 1 Takaya Umenobe, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
²Luleå University of Technology, Space Campus, Kiruna 981 28, Sweden
³Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
⁴CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 511 Kehua Street, , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Wushan, China
⁵CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
⁶Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
⁷The Tohoku University Museum, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
⁸Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
Copyright Elsevier

The surfaces of sub-kilometer-sized asteroids directly explored by spacecraft, such as Itokawa, Ryugu and Bennu, are covered with blocks and/or regolith particles, whose shapes are considered clues to understanding their formation and evolution on the asteroid’s surface. Ryugu particles returned by the Hayabusa2 mission are likely fragments resulting from impacts because their shapes resemble impact fragments from laboratory experiments. However, there is a lack of laboratory impact experiments examining the shapes of fragments in carbonaceous chondrites, thought to originate from carbonaceous asteroids such as Ryugu and Bennu. The measured sizes of Ryugu particles are in the mm and sub-mm range, similar to the sizes of chondrules. Also, carbonaceous chondrites are generally structurally weaker than the basalts and granites often used in previous laboratory impact experiments. Differences in the strength of the chondrules and matrix might affect the overall strength of the meteorite. In this study, as a first step towards a better understanding of impact fragment shapes in carbonaceous chondrites, we conducted impact experiments on the carbonaceous meteorite Allende (CV3). A spherical alumina projectile with 1.0 mm and a glass projectile with 0.80 mm in diameter were fired into 1–2 cm-sized Allende targets at nominal impact velocities of 2.0 and 4.0 km/s, respectively. To investigate the correlation between the chondrules (typically sub-mm in size) and the shapes of fine fragments, we measured the shape distributions of sub-mm impact fragments using X-ray microtomography. We observed several impact fracture surfaces along the chondrule boundaries. In addition, these fragments tended to be rounder than fragments from previous impact experiments. However, because the total number of these fragments is relatively small, the fragments were found to have the same overall shape distribution as previous laboratory impact fragments, Itokawa particles and Ryugu particles. This may imply that impact fragment shapes are independent of the bulk material strength. These findings will be useful for understanding the formation process of regolith layers on asteroid surfaces, Itokawa particles, Ryugu particles, and Bennu particles.

¹Xue Su,¹Youxue Zhang
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.04.002]
¹Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Copyright Elsevier

The H2O concentration and H2O/Ce ratio in olivine-hosted melt inclusions are high in lunar pyroclastic sample 74,220 (H2O up to 1410 ppmw; H2O/Ce up to 77) but lower (H2O 10 to 430 ppmw; H2O/Ce 0.3 to 9.4) in all other lunar samples studied before this work. The difference in H2O concentration and in H2O/Ce ratio is absent for other volatile elements (F, S, and Cl) in melt inclusions in 74,220 and other lunar samples. Because H2O (or H) is a critical volatile component with significant ramifications on the origin and evolution of the Moon, it is important to understand what causes such a large gap in H2O/Ce ratio between 74,220 and other lunar samples. Two explanations have been advanced. One is that volcanic product in sample 74,220 has the highest cooling rate and thus best preserved H2O in melt inclusions compared to melt inclusions in other samples. The other explanation is that sample 74,220 comes from a localized heterogeneity enriched in some volatiles. To distinguish these two possibilities, here we present new data from two rapidly cooled lunar samples with glassy melt inclusions: olivine-hosted melt inclusions (OHMIs) in 79,135 regolith breccia (unknown cooling rate but with glassy MIs similar in texture with those in 74220), and pyroxene-hosted melt inclusions (PHMIs) in 15,597 pigeonite basalts (known high cooling rate, second only to 74,220 and 15421). In addition, we also investigated new OHMIs in sample 74220. If the gap is due to the difference in cooling rates, samples with cooling rates between those of 74,220 and other studied lunar samples should have preserved intermediate H2O concentrations and H2O/Ce ratios. Our results show that melt inclusions in 79,135 and 15,597 contain high H2O concentrations (up to 969 ppmw in 79,135 and up to 793 ppmw in 15597) and high H2O/Ce ratios (up to 21 in 79,135 and up to 13 in 15997), bridging the big gap in H2O/Ce ratio among 74,220 and other lunar samples. Combined with literature data, we confirm that H2O/Ce ratios of different lunar samples are positively correlated to the cooling rates and independent of the type of mare basalts. We hence reinforce the interpretation that the lunar sample with the highest cooling rate best represents pre-eruptive volatiles in lunar basalts due to the least degassing. Based on Ce concentration in the primitive lunar mantle, we estimate that H2O concentration in the primitive lunar mantle (meaning bulk silicate Moon) is 121 ± 15 ppmw. Our new data also further constrain F/P, S/Dy and Cl/Ba ratios in lunar basalts and the lunar mantle. Estimated F, P, and S concentrations in the lunar primitive mantle are 4.4 ± 1.1 ppmw, 22 ± 8 ppmw, and
ppmw, respectively.

^1,2Evan W. O’Neal,¹A.M. Ostwald,¹A. Udry,^3,4J. Gross,⁴M. Righter,⁵T.J. Lapen,⁶J. Darling,⁷G.H. Howarth,¹R. Johnsen,⁵D.R. McQuaig
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.03.016]
¹Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas NV 89154, USA
²Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, TX 77058, USA
³Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
⁴Department of Earth and Planetary History, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
⁵Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
⁶School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK
⁷Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Copyright Elsevier

Martian poikilitic shergottites are cumulate rocks that can help advance the understanding of magmatic evolution from near the base of the crust (∼10 kbar) to near-surface conditions. Through a comprehensive petrographic and geochemical study, we aim to better understand poikilitic shergottite formation and the evolution in the martian interior. A suite of poikilitic shergottites including Northwest Africa (NWA) 7755, NWA 11043, NWA 11065, NWA 10618 and Alan Hills (ALHA) 77,005 were investigated for their major, minor, and trace element compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MI). The MI occur within both the early-evolutional stage textural and late-evolution stage textural domains in olivine. Major element compositions of MI indicate fractional crystallization between the early and late-crystallizing domains. Calculated parental melt compositions from these MI data yielded results that also petrogenetically link the poikilitic shergottites with the olivine-phyric shergottite subgroup. Trace element compositions of MI show that the later-crystallizing MI could have undergone open-system processes, such as fluid exsolution. Lutetium-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic analyses were performed on NWA 7755 and NWA 11043 to constrain their age and source isotopic compositions. Northwest Africa 7755 shows a 176Lu/177Hf crystallization age of 223 ± 46 Ma, which fits into the expected range for enriched shergottites of ∼165 Ma to 225 Ma. A similar crystallization age and 176Lu/177Hf and 147Sm/144Nd source composition of NWA 7755 to the other enriched shergottites suggests that this specimen likely shares a long-lived geochemical source with these samples that has lasted for at least 60 Ma. Northwest Africa 11043 shows scatter throughout the Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic data, suggesting that this sample is not in isotopic equilibrium. This sample was possibly inherited from high-temperature processes, such as incomplete magmas mixing from a similar, but distinct, source. We conducted in situ U-Th-Pb isotope analyses of Ca-phosphate minerals for NWA 11043 and found an unreliable crystallization age of 59.2 ± 138.4 Ma: phosphates are likely recording the period of shock metamorphism related to the ejection event. Consistent crystallization ages and magmatic histories support previous work that suggest there is a common magmatic system on Mars that is responsible for the formation of enriched shergottites.