¹Juulia-Gabrielle Moreau, ¹Argo Jõeleht, ^2,3Anna Losiak, ⁴Meng-Hua Zhu, ¹Jüri Plado
Icarus (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116856]
¹Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
²Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, PL-50449 Wroclaw, Poland
³Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, USA
⁴State Kay Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
Copyright Elsevier

Sedimentary rocks often form the upper layers or the entire target rocks in impact events. Thermodynamic properties of sedimentary rocks related to porosity and water saturation affect the process of impact crater formation. The heterogeneous distribution of sedimentary facies can complicate the development and distribution of shock effects, especially in numerical modeling. This work focuses on the shock thermodynamic properties of carbonate rocks with differing porosity textures (e.g., isolated pores, interstitial porosity, elongated pores) and water saturation levels. Using mesoscale numerical modeling, we found that water saturation reduces shock temperatures compared to those in dry, porous carbonate rocks. The orientation of elongated pores and porosity lineations influences the shock temperature distribution and rock deformation at angles of 50–90° to the shock front. Additionally, due to complex shock wave interactions, interstitial porosity is key in creating temperature zonations around larger grains.