¹Yong Wu et al. (>10)
Icarus (in Press) Link to Artile [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116459]
¹National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resources Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing, 100029 Beijing, China
Copyright ELsevier

Chang’E-5 samples provide unique insights into the composition of the lunar interior ~2 billion years ago, but geochemical models of their formation show a significant degree of discrepancy. Trace element abundance measurements in olivine grains in Chang’E-5 sub-sample CE5C0600YJFM002GP provide additional constraints on the basalt source. Geochemical modeling indicates that low-degree (4 %) batch melting of an olivine-pyroxenite lunar magma ocean cumulate, incorporating high levels of trapped lunar magma ocean liquid and plagioclase, can reproduce the rare earth element, Sr, Rb, Sc, Co and Ni abundances in our and previously reported Chang’E-5 samples, as well as observed Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope systematics. Overall, these results strengthen the direct geochemical links between lunar magma ocean evolution and basaltic volcanism occurring ~2.5 billion years later. Additionally, Chang’E-5 high-Fo olivine is enriched in the volatile element Ge (1.38–3.94 μg/g) by ~2 orders of magnitude compared to model results (< 0.02 μg/g). As Ge is a mildly compatible element with bulk Ge partition coefficients close to 1, a Ge-depleted initial LMO proposed by previous research cannot yield a high-Ge mantle source for Chang’E-5 basalt, even when invoking assimilation of high-Ge LMO cumulates. The overabundance of Ge requires either a high-Ge, volatile rich initial bulk Moon with chondritic composition or a late Ge chloride vapor-phase metasomatism.