^a,bH. Li, ^bZ. Wang, ^cZ. Chen, ^bW. Tian, ^dW-R. Wang, ^bG. Zhang ^bL. Zhang
Geochimica et Cosmochimica acta (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.09.002]
^aCenter for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Beijing 100193, China

^bMOE Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
^cLaboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment of MNR, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
^dKey Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of MNR, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Copyright Elsevier

Apatite is ubiquitous in lunar samples and has been used widely for estimating volatile abundances in the lunar interior. However, apatite compositional and isotopic variations within and between samples have resulted in varying and ambiguous results. Understanding apatite petrogenesis will help with both identifying the appropriate composition for volatile estimation and interpreting isotopic variations. Here we report a comprehensive petrogenetic investigation of apatite in Chang’E-5 (CE5) basaltic sample CE5C0800YJYX013GP. Apatite displays both intra-grain and inter-grain compositional variations with F and Cl contents falling in the ranges of 0.97–2.47 wt% and 0.24–1.09 wt%, respectively. These apatite compositions show relatively low F and high Cl characteristics in comparison to apatites of Apollo high-Ti and low-Ti mare basalts, but are similar to those reported for lunar meteorites LAP 04841 and MIL 05035. We discern three zoning profiles: fractional crystallization (FC)-dominated, degassing-induced and a third indicated by REE-enriched cores, which are interpreted as representing different generations of apatite. FC-dominated zoning is characterized with decreasing F and increasing Cl and S contents from core to rim; while the opposite is true for the degassing-induced zoning. Regardless of the zoning patterns, apatite Cl and S contents display positive correlations, with S contents up to ∼ 3000 ppm, much higher than previous reports for Apollo samples (up to ∼ 600 ppm). We demonstrate that the fractional crystallization model proposed by Boyce et al. (2014) in combination with H₂O degassing and high S contents in melt (likely at sulfide saturation) can explain these high Cl and S contents observed in CE5 apatite.

Based on the core composition of the FC-dominated zoning profile, which has the lowest incompatible element concentrations, bulk F, Cl and H₂O contents in the parental melt are estimated to be ∼ 72 ± 21, ∼43 ± 14 and ∼ 1576 ± 518 ppm, respectively. These estimates have lower F/Cl ratios than those measured in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Apollo mare basalts. By adopting the petrogenetic model for CE5 basalt proposed by Su et al. (2022), i.e., 10 % partial melting of a hybrid mantle source, followed by ∼ 30–70 % fractional crystallization (∼50 % for our sample), we estimate the F, Cl, H₂O and S contents in the mantle source are in the ranges of ∼ 2.5–4.6, ∼0.7–1.4, ∼53–105 and ∼ 38–125 ppm, respectively, similar to estimates for both depleted Earth mantle and primitive lunar mantle. However, by adopting the model of Tian et al. (2021), 2–3 % partial melting of a mantle source composed of 86 PCS+2% TIRL (PCS, percent crystallized solid; TIRL, trapped instantaneous residual liquid), followed by 43–88 % fractional crystallization, these estimates will be 5–10 times lower. To be certain whether the relatively low F and high Cl characteristics of CE5 apatite imply an enriched mantle source requires further evaluation of the petrogenetic models for CE5 basalt.

^1,2A. Kereszturi et al. (>10)
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14255]
¹Konkoly Thege Astronomical Institute, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
²CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary

A medium-grade, poorly weathered CO3-type meteorite was subjected to artificial space weathering by 1 keV protons in three subsequent steps, with gradually increasing doses from 10¹¹ to 10¹⁷ protons per cm². The resulting mineral modifications were identified by Raman spectroscopy, with specific emphasis on main minerals such as olivine (bands: 817, 845 cm⁻¹), pyroxene (1007 cm⁻¹), and partly amorphous feldspar (509 cm⁻¹), considering variation in band shift and bandwidth (full width at half maximum, FWHM). After the first and second irradiations, variable band position changes were observed, probably from metastable alterations by Mg loss of the minerals, while the third stronger irradiation showed band shift dominated by amorphization. The olivine and pyroxene show weak increase in FWHM after the first irradiation, while more changes happened after the second and third irradiations. The flux after the third irradiation was higher than in other works, caused stronger damage in crystal lattice, partly resembling to dimerization as described by shock metamorphism. The glassy feldspar was characterized by high FWHM values already at the beginning, indicating weak crystallinity already that become even less crystallized, thus their bands disappeared after the third irradiation. Bands of hydrous minerals (goethite clay, chlorite) were not visible after the third irradiation, confirming some earlier results in the literature. Based on our results, moderately fresh surfaces could show stochastic but small spectral differences compared to the fresh most meteorites by metastable mineral alterations. The interpretation of Raman spectra of heavily space-weathered surfaces could further benefit from the joint evaluation of alteration induced by both shock impact alteration and space weathering.

^1,2Wang, Bi-Wen et al. (>10)
Science 385, 1077-1080 Link to Article [DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6635]
¹State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
²College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Reprinted with permission from AAAS

There is extensive geologic evidence of ancient volcanic activity on the Moon, but it is unclear how long that volcanism persisted. Magma fountains produce volcanic glasses, which have previously been found in samples of the Moon’s surface. We investigated ~3000 glass beads in lunar soil samples collected by the Chang’e-5 mission and identified three as having a volcanic origin on the basis of their textures, chemical compositions, and sulfur isotopes. Uranium-lead dating of the three volcanic glass beads shows that they formed 123 ± 15 million years ago. We measured high abundances of rare earth elements and thorium in these volcanic glass beads, which could indicate that such recent volcanism was related to local enrichment of heat-generating elements in the mantle sources of the magma.

^1,4Jangmi Han, ²Kazuhide Nagashima, ¹Changkun Park, ²Alexander N. Krot, ¹Lindsay P. Keller
Geochimica et Cosmochimica acta (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.09.001]
¹Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
²Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
³Division of Glacier and Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
⁴ARES, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101NASAParkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA
Copyright Elsevier

We report the results of coordinated mineralogical, microstructural, and oxygen isotopic analyses of grossite-bearing refractory inclusions from reduced CV (Vigarano type) chondrites to obtain a more complete picture of secondary parent body alteration processes and conditions. Grossite (CaAl₄O₇) occurs in cores of nodules in fine-grained Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) that likely represent aggregates of nebular condensates. In many occurrences, grossite has been partially replaced by hercynite [(Fe,Mg,Zn)Al₂O₄], which displays complex microstructures and compositions, and magnetite nanoparticles. The alteration of grossite was a crystallographically-controlled, fluid-driven process that occurred via partial dissolution of grossite and subsequent precipitation of hercynite and magnetite during short-lived and low-temperature metasomatic alteration on the CV chondrite parent body. The constituent phases of grossite-bearing CAIs show heterogeneous oxygen isotopic compositions, with grossite and perovskite displaying systematically ¹⁶O-depleted compositions (Δ¹⁷O= − 12 ‰ to − 1 ‰) relative to uniformly ¹⁶O-rich hibonite and spinel (Δ¹⁷O= − 25 ‰ to − 21 ‰). Melilite is variably ¹⁶O-depleted (Δ¹⁷O= − 25 ‰ to − 2 ‰). The observed oxygen isotopic distribution is interpreted as a result of mineralogically controlled oxygen isotopic exchange with an ¹⁶O-poor fluid on the CV chondrite parent body. Collectively, the presence of limited fluids played an important role in preferential alteration of grossite to hercynite and magnetite and various degrees of ¹⁶O depletion in grossite, perovskite, and melilite during thermal metamorphism. We conclude that, among refractory phases in the inclusions, grossite was the most susceptible to metasomatic reactions with Fe-rich fluids and the second most susceptible, after perovskite, to oxygen isotopic exchange with an ¹⁶O-poor fluid during the thermal history of the CV chondrite parent asteroid.

¹Aindrila Pal, ¹Rajdeep Dasgupta
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.08.026]
¹Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston TX-77005, USA
Copyright Elsevier

Nitrogen is an essential element for life. Yet the processes of planet formation and early planetary evolution through which rocky planets like Earth obtained their atmospheric and surface nitrogen inventory are poorly understood. In order to understand the effect of early silicate differentiation of the rocky bodies on N inventory, here we study the elemental partitioning of N between the silicate minerals and melts. We conducted laboratory experiments using tholeiitic basalts and Fe + Si alloy mixtures at 1.5–4.0 GPa and 1300 to 1550 ⁰C under graphite saturation at an oxygen fugacity range of IW–1.1 to IW–3.0. The experiments yielded an assemblage of Fe-rich alloy melt (am) + silicate melt (sm) + clinopyroxene (cpx) ± garnet (grt) ± orthopyroxene (opx) ± plagioclase (plag). Using electron microprobe, we determine that under the experimental conditions, N act as an incompatible element with DNcpx/sm (0.11–––0.47) > DNplag/sm (0.40) >DNopx/sm (0.25) >DNgrt/sm(0.06–––0.21). The DNmineral/sm do not show any strong dependence on temperature, pressure, and melt composition. However, through comparison with previous estimates, it appears that with decreasing fO₂, N becomes less incompatible. Under our experimental conditions of alloy melt-mineral equilibria, N behaves as a siderophile element (DNam/mineral ranging from 4.1 to 60.6) with fO₂ playing the strongest control on DNam/mineral. Our data suggest that under reducing conditions, in the early stages of a magma ocean (MO) and/or deeper mantle, silicate minerals would hold a non-negligible fraction of N as N becomes less atmophile and siderophile. Therefore, reduced parent bodies could also retain substantial N in the residual mantle during partial melting. The extraction of N from an internal MO or a solid planetary mantle is thus enhanced only as the system becomes more oxidizing, enriching the surficial reservoirs in N. Thus, Earth’s N₂-rich atmosphere may be intrinsically linked to its mantle oxidation, whereas other rocky planets of the Solar System, such as Mars and Mercury, may have retained a significant portion of their N inventory in nominally N-free mantle silicates through episodes of MO crystallization and mantle melting.

^1,2E.S. Steenstra, ^1,3C.J. Renggli, ¹J. Berndt, ¹S. Klemme
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.08.021]
¹Institute of Mineralogy, University of Münster, Germany
²Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technische Universiteit Delft, the Netherlands
³Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Copyright Elsevier

The processes responsible for the isotopic compositions and abundances of volatile elements in the early solar system remain highly debated. Orders of magnitude variation of (highly) volatile elements exist between different magmatic iron meteorite groups, but it is unclear to what extent their depletions can be explained by evaporation from metal melts during parent body accretion and/or subsequent break up. To this end, we present 86 new evaporation experiments with the aim of constraining the volatility of most volatile metals from metallic melts. The results confirm the previously proposed important effects of S in metal melt on the volatility of the elements of interest governed by their S-loving or S-phobic behavior. Nominally S-loving elements In, Sn, Te, Pb and Bi are significantly more volatile in Fe melt relative to FeS liquid, whereas nominally S-avoiding elements Ga and Sb are more volatile in FeS liquid relative to Fe melt, at a given pressure and temperature. The newly derived volatility sequences for S-free/poor and S-rich metallic melts were also compared with commonly used volatility models based on condensation temperatures. The results indicate significant differences between the latter, including the much more volatile behavior of Te, relative to Se, in both explored bulk compositions, which are traditionally assumed to be equally volatile. The (minimum) degree of volatile element depletion due to evaporation was quantified using the new experimental results and models. A comparison between the volatile element depletions in magmatic iron meteorites and the predicted depletions appropriate for evaporation from Fe melts shows that the latter depletions can be easily reconciled with (an) evaporation event(s). Altogether, the new data and models will provide an important framework when more accurate and precise estimates of magmatic iron meteorite bulk volatile element contents are available.

^1,2A. Musolino,^1,3M. D. Suttle,^1,4L. Folco,⁵A. J. King,^6,7G. Poggiali,⁵H. C. Bates,⁶J. R. Brucato,⁸A. Brearley
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14261]
¹Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
²Aix-Marseille Université, CEREGE, CNRS, IRD, Aix-en-Provence, France
³School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
⁴CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione dell’Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
⁵Planetary Materials Group, Natural History Museum, London, UK
⁶INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy
⁷LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
⁸UNM, Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Reckling Peak (RKP) 17085 is a newly classified Antarctic CM chondrite that preserves a complex alteration history characterized by mild aqueous alteration (CM2.7), overprinted by a short-lived thermal metamorphic event (heating stage III [<750°C]), and affected by low-grade terrestrial weathering. This meteorite contains abundant Fe-rich bands within the fine-grained matrix, composed of micron-scale Fe-oxyhydroxide minerals. They are interpreted as “alteration fronts” arising due to the dissolution and transport of Fe (typically <500 μm) before being abruptly deposited. This alteration texture is relatively rare among hydrated carbonaceous chondrites, with only five reported instances to date (Murchison, Murray, Allan Hills 81002, Miller Range 07687, and Northwest Africa 5958). Evidence from RKP 17085 suggests that early aqueous alteration operated as multiple geochemically isolated microenvironments, which moved outwards from local point sources within the matrix. Low permeability fine-grained rims on chondrules appear to have acted as barriers to fluid flow, controlling the migration of fluid across the parent body. Furthermore, the higher porosity regions within the altered fine-grained matrix represent either void space generated by the dehydration of hydrated minerals during post-hydration metamorphism and/or sites of ice accretion (water-ice or C-bearing ices) preserved within a mildly altered primitive matrix.

¹Martin R. Lee,^1,2,3Luke Daly,¹Jennika Greer,¹Sammy Griffin,¹Cameron J. Floyd,²Levi Tegg,³Julie Cairney
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14253]
¹School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
²Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
³ Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Many of the CM carbonaceous chondrites are regolith breccias and so should have abundant evidence for collisional processing. The constituent clasts of these fragmental rocks frequently display compactional petrofabrics; yet, olivine microstructures show that most CMs are unshocked. To better understand the reasons for this contradiction, we have sought other evidence for hypervelocity impact processing of CM chondrites using the Cold Bokkeveld meteorite. We find that this regolith breccia contains rare particles of vesicular shock melt that are close in chemical composition to bulk CM chondrite. Transmission electron microscopy of a melt bead shows that it is composed of silicate glass with inclusions of pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and wüstite. Characterization of shards of another bead by atom probe tomography reveals nanoscale clusters of sulfur that represent sulfide inclusions arrested at an early stage of growth. These glass particles are mineralogically comparable to micrometeoroid impact melt described from the Cb-type asteroid Ryugu and melt that has been experimentally produced by pulsed laser irradiation of CM targets. The glass could have formed by in situ shock-melting, but petrographic evidence is more consistent with an origin as ballistic ejecta from a distal impact. The scarcity of melt in this meteorite, and CM chondrites more broadly, is consistent with the explosive fragmentation of hydrous asteroids following energetic collisions. Cold Bokkeveld’s parent body is likely to be a second-generation asteroid that was constructed from the debris of one or more earlier bodies, and only a small proportion of the reaccreted material had been highly shocked and melted.

¹A. N. Nguyen,²S. J. Clemett,³K. Thomas-Keprta,⁴C. M. O’D. Alexander,⁵D. P. Glavin,⁵J. P. Dworkin,^6,7,8H. C. Connolly Jr,⁸D. S. Lauretta
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Open Access Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14254]
¹Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
²ERC, Inc., JETS/Jacobs, Houston, Texas, USA
³Barrios, JETS/Jacobs, Houston, Texas, USA
⁴Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
⁵Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
⁶Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
⁷Department of Earth and Planetary Science, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
⁸Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

Samples of B-type asteroid (101955) Bennu returned by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft will provide unique insight into the nature of carbonaceous asteroidal matter without the atmospheric entry heating or terrestrial weathering effects associated with meteoritic samples. Some of the Bennu samples will undergo characterization by X-ray computed tomography (XCT). To protect the pristine nature of the samples, it is important to understand any adverse effects that could result from irradiation during XCT analysis. We analyzed acid-insoluble residues produced from two powdered samples of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, one control and one XCT-scanned, to assess the impact on insoluble organic matter (IOM) and presolar grains. Using a suite of in situ analytical techniques (field-emission scanning electron microscopy, optical and ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, microprobe two-step laser mass spectrometry, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry), we found that the two residues had indistinguishable chemical, molecular, and isotopic signatures on the micron to submicron scale, indicating that an X-ray dosage of 180 Gy (the maximum dose to be used during preliminary examination of Bennu materials) did not damage the IOM and presolar grains. To explore the use of acid-insoluble residues to infer parent body processes in preparation for Bennu sample analysis, we also analyzed a residue produced from the Sutter’s Mill carbonaceous chondrite. Multiple lines of evidence, including severely degraded UV fluorescence signatures and D-rich hotspots, indicate that the parent body of Sutter’s Mill was heated to >400°C. This heating event was likely short lived because the abundance of presolar SiC grains, which are destroyed by thermal metamorphism and prolonged oxidation, was consistent with those in Murchison and other unheated chondrites. The results of these in situ analyses of acid-insoluble residues from Murchison and Sutter’s Mill provide complementary detail to bulk analyses.

^1,2V. P. Singh,^1,2N. G. Rudraswami,^3,4Nittala V. Chalapathi Rao,⁵Matthew J. Genge,¹M. Pandey,^1,2S. Sreekuttan,³S. Chattopadhaya
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (in Press) Link to Article [https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14256]
¹National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa, India
²Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
³Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
⁴National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, India
⁵Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary represents the extinction of ~70% of species, a prominent Chicxulub impact event and Deccan volcanism. This work reports the first attempt to extract the micrometeorites (MMs) from the Deccan intertrappean horizons. Eighty-one spherical particles were studied for their morphological, textural, and chemical characteristics. Intact cosmic spherules with ferromagnesian silicates (6) and Fe-Ni oxide (7) compositions correspond to MMs from the deep sea and Antarctica. Silicate and Fe-Ni spherules in this study showcase remarkable preservation, a testament to the highly favorable conditions present. Fe spherules (38) with iron oxide compositions exhibit diagenetic alteration during preservation. Textural analysis of 30 Fe spherules reveals a dendritic, interlocking pattern and slightly elevated Mn content, suggesting these may be fossilized I-type MMs. However, eight Fe spherules with blocky and cubical granular textures resemble oxidized pyrite spherules. Al-Fe-Si spherules (30) possess a significant enrichment of Al and Si within their Fe-oxide-dominated composition. Group-I Al-Fe-Si spherules (15) display zoned Al-Fe-Si oxide composition, dendritic Mg-Cr spinel grains, and aerodynamic features, all indicative of impact spherules. The finding of these impact spherules from sampled Deccan intertrappean layer raises the possibility that these paleosols were deposited during the Chicxulub impact event, the only identified impact event with global distribution during the Deccan volcanism time frame. This unique location provides an opportunity for the simultaneous collection of well-preserved MMs, impact, and volcanic spherules. The exceptional preservation of the studied MMs is likely due to a combination of non-marine environments, atypical climatic conditions, and rapid deposition. This study further investigates the potential role of cosmic dust flux in the K-Pg extinction event. We propose that the enhanced cosmic dust flux, a likely scenario during the K-Pg boundary period, synergistically mixing with impact dust in the upper atmosphere, may have intensified and extended the harsh climatic conditions at the K-Pg boundary. Subsequently, the deposition of this dust, enriched in bioavailable iron, on Earth’s surface might have contributed to the swift recovery of life and environmental conditions.