D. Harsono^1,2, J. K. Jørgensen^3,4, E. F. van Dishoeck^1,5, M. R. Hogerheijde¹, S. Bruderer⁵, M. V. Persson^1,3,4 and J. C. Mottram¹

¹Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
²SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
³Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
⁴Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
⁵Max-Planck-Institut für extraterretrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

Context. Disks are observed around pre-main sequence stars, but how and when they form is still heavily debated. While disks around young stellar objects have been identified through thermal dust emission, spatially and spectrally resolved molecular line observations are needed to determine their nature. Only a handful of embedded rotationally supported disks have been identified to date.
Aims. We identify and characterize rotationally supported disks near the end of the main accretion phase of low-mass protostars by comparing their gas and dust structures.
Methods. Subarcsecond observations of dust and gas toward four Class I low-mass young stellar objects in Taurus are presented at significantly higher sensitivity than previous studies. The ¹³CO and C¹⁸O J = 2–1 transitions at 220 GHz were observed with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer at a spatial resolution of ≤0.8″ (56 AU radius at 140 pc) and analyzed using uv-space position velocity diagrams to determine the nature of their observed velocity gradient.
Results. Rotationally supported disks (RSDs) are detected around 3 of the 4 Class I sources studied. The derived masses identify them as Stage I objects; i.e., their stellar mass is higher than their envelope and disk masses. The outer radii of the Keplerian disks toward our sample of Class I sources are ≤100 AU. The lack of on-source C¹⁸O emission for TMR1 puts an upper limit of 50 AU on its size. Flattened structures at radii >100 AU around these sources are dominated by infalling motion (υ ∝ r^-1). A large-scale envelope model is required to estimate the basic parameters of the flattened structure from spatially resolved continuum data. Similarities and differences between the gas and dust disk are discussed. Combined with literature data, the sizes of the RSDs around Class I objects are best described with evolutionary models with an initial rotation of Ω = 10^-14 Hz and slow sound speeds. Based on the comparison of gas and dust disk masses, little CO is frozen out within 100 AU in these disks.
Conclusions. Rotationally supported disks with radii up to 100 AU are present around Class I embedded objects. Larger surveys of both Class 0 and I objects are needed to determine whether most disks form late or early in the embedded phase.

Reference
Harsono D, Jørgensen JK, van Dishoeck EF, Hogerheijde MR, Bruderer S, Persson MV and Mottram JC (2014) Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints. Astronomy & Astrophysics A562:A77.
[doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322646]
Reproduced with permission © ESO

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